https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-ticker/how-mushroom-gets-its-glow
A few years ago, we found that hispidin, a metabolite of DK (5,6-dehydrokawain), inhibits PAK1 directly with IC50 around 6 micro M (2). However, it is not specific for PAK1: it inhibits PKC as well with IC50 around 2 micro M (3).
According to our structure-function analysis, it is most likely that 3-OH hispidin also a PAK1-inhibitor (2). Since PAK1-deficient mutant (RB689) of C. elegans lives far longer than the wild-type (4), and a potent PAK1-blocker called "15K" also extends the healthy lifespan of this worm (5), we wonder if this luciferin also could extend the lifespan of this worm, and make this "transparent" worm "glow greenly" as a Brazilian mushroom, under certain "oxidative" conditions. According to a recent e-mail from Prof. Ilia Yampolsky in Moscow, his Russian team has cloned the mushroom-specific "luciferase" cDNA, and it is unlikely that C. elegans possesses such a luciferase homologue.
According to this Russian team, by changing the side chain of "phenolic ring" of 3-OH hispidin, they could change the color of this luciferin from red to blue, just like rainbow or GFP mutants (1).
The mushroom luciferin (3-OH hispidin) is converted by this luciferase to oxyluciferin, emitting the fluorescence, and then further converted to caffeic acid (CA) during night (6). In daytime, after sun rises, CA is reconverted to hispidin by mushroom (solar) "recyclase" in the presence of ATP and maronyl CoA in a temperature-dependent manner (6). Thus, these components consist of mushroom "solar battery" supporting this bio-LED system.
Interestingly, just like CA, oxyluciferin carries a COOH, and if it still inhibits PAK1 directly,
we can boost its cell-permeability by CC (click chemistry), as we have done with CA and a few other PAK1-blockers. Thus, we started collaborating with this Russian group on the mushroom luciferin.
References:
1. Kaskova ZM, Dörr FA, Petushkov VN et al (2017). Mechanism and color modulation of fungal bioluminescence. Sci Adv. 3: e1602847.
6. Oba
Y, Suzuki Y,
Martins GNR, et al. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2017 Aug 2. doi: 10.1039/c7pp00216e.
Identification of hispidin as a bioluminescent active compound and its
recycling biosynthesis in the luminous fungal fruiting body.
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